Various dates in the Cappadocia region of the state, society and the names of important people who lived in the said period. Born in Cappadocia BC Assyrian trade colonies in 3000 lived in and go back to the Hittites. Cappadocia region is possible to examine three main period. First period paleolithic, neolithic and ancient periods. Roman and Byzantine periods of the second period, and recent Turkish period.
CHRONOLOGY OF CAPPADOCIA |
BC 3000-1750 | Assyrian Trade Colonies Period, and the Hittites |
BC 1750-1400 | Hittite Kingdom Period |
BC 1400-1200 | Hittite Empire Period |
BC 1200-1100 | Cappadocia, the Aegean and the northern clans Received |
BC 1100-950 | Phrygians |
BC 800 | Re-revival of the region, the Kingdom of the Hittites Tabal |
BC 950-585 | Lydians and the kingdom of the Cimmerian-Scythian Invasions |
BC 585-334 | The kingdom of Persia |
BC 334-335 | Macedonia Command (3 months) |
334-MS17 | Period of the Kingdom of Cappadocia |
17-395 | Period of the Roman Empire |
395 | Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire |
1072 | Beginning of the Turkish tribes settled in |
1086-1175 | Danishments Period |
1175 | Anatolian Seljuq |
1243 | Mongol Domination |
1318 | Termination of the Anatolian Seljuk Empire |
1318 | Governor Ilkhanid Timurtaş and Eratna Bey Management |
1340 | Independent Principality Eratna |
1365 | Karaman principality |
1381 | Kadi Burhanettin Management |
1398 | Karamanoğulları take back the region |
1398-1402 | Ottoman Domination |
1402 | Timur Area Karamanoğulları'na give back |
1436 | Sultan II. Murat, Nevsehir and Kayseri take back Karamanoğlulan'ndan |
1466 | Addition of the Ottoman Empire as definitive of Cappadocia |
1867 | Nevsehir Nigde Livasının Conversion Connecting an accident |
1902 | Nevsehir Ankara, a subdivision |
1954 | Must Nevsehir Province |
Occasionally, there is little in Cappadocia, with traces of paleolithic period, the data obtained so far, this marks a very early paleolithic era, paleolithic show that last. Paleolithic period of human settlement does not permit a long time after the volcano bursts thought. This period continues until the Neolithic period. Neolithic period to the beginning of the archaeological studies in the region have been established in several settlements. For example, near Urgup (Avla Hill) was found stone tools belonging to the Neolithic period. Acemhöyük excavations BC 6 - 7 traces century, belonging to the Hittite era artifacts were found, and Bronze. The first traces of settlement in Cappadocia lies a very old dates. Rastlanmamasında period traces of humanity live on hunting and gathering, as well as volcanic eruptions, as a result of the nature of living in Cappadocia, one of places after the arrivals expanded by the deletion of traces is due to being settled again. Sulucakaracahöyük, lumpy mound in areas such as the Hittites, the archaeological studies of various cultures in the region during the period until the Byzantine period (the Hittite, Phrygian, Roman, Late Roman) has lived. But the goods are used by communities can be seen traces of this period.
Born in Cappadocia begins with the Neolithic city at Çatalhöyük. BC Small kingdoms lived between 5000-4000 in Cappadocia. The first known people of Cappadocia, Luwian and Hittite. BC region The Assyrians have established trade colonies in late 2500. The oldest documents written about the true history of Anatolia, the Assyrian trading colonies of the Cappadocian tablets remained. Cappadocia, "a beautiful country-bred beautiful horses at the meaning" Land of the Assyrians called heritage. Katpatuta Assyrians Persians called the region of Cappadocia in the name of the ratings.
At the end of the Early Bronze Age (3200-1650 BC) the region-particularly in an important commercial center of Avanos and Kültepe-Asur'lu that traders learn from the letters of the baked clay trade. The remaining letters of Assyrian merchants in the Red River this spring as the land of the Hittites are mentioned region. Assyrian trade colonies period, BC Between the years 1850-1800 came to an end.
Hittites came to Anatolia via the Caucasus tezdir generally accepted thesis. Cappadocia, Hittite Empire, the rise in the age (1750), conquered by King Şubbiluliyuma, Hittites "Down Hometown" has been included in the borders, nearly 500 years has remained in the hands of the Hittites.
With the transition to settled life, residential units to meet the basic needs of commerce and similar relationships between the born-generating units of essential items have become important centers. Assyrians have established trade centers, called Karum various parts of Anatolia. The most important are the borders of Cappadocia in the Karumudur Kültepe. Mazaka Kültepe around the city (Kayseri) in terms of trade was replaced Kaneş'in.
Improved trade relations between Mesopotamian Asurlarla Although the Hittites, Assyrians have no effect on the tongue. This is us, not interfere each other, indicates that the Hittites of Assyria.
BC - VII. The period between the centuries: Cappadocia 's dark period
BC A branch of the Kingdom of the Hittites in 1200 BC Tabal awakens again and the area is captured. A principality of the Kingdom of Tabal konfederasyondur about 24. Hacibektas-Karaburna, Topada (Acigol), Gülşehir-Sivasa (Gökçetoprak) also shows that the hieroglyphic rock inscriptions. Tabal the Kingdom has been famous for horse breeding. After the fall of the Hittites of Cappadocia in the name of the political structure of the Aegean Tabal Country (Phrygians and Lydians), the Caucasus (Cimmerians, Scythians, and Gasgarlar) and from the East (Persians, Medes) was shaken due to the raids. This akınlarla, Tabal region dominated by the kingdom of ends.
After Tabal kingdom of Cappadocia, is considered the pioneer of Frigyalılar'ın was occupied by Muskie. After the first time a large area of the Hittites in central Anatolia who managed to establish a state-Phrygians Musk.
Over time, under the sovereignty of East Asia to take the front Asurlar'ın recognized the hegemony of the Lydians, and declared their independence in the West Phrygia becomes whether the opponent, Phrygians left in the lurch. However, the state yıkanlar Phrygian, Cimmerian and Scythian invasions have been. BC Phrygian King Midas of Phrygia who want to put against Kimmer 676'da from central Anatolia to the West has been defeated.
Lydia, who managed to remain standing during the storm estirdiği Kimmer state, after the storm (M.Ö.VI. yüzyıl.) by capturing a significant portion of Phrygia expanded to Cappadocia. Lydian domination that began after the date of the Cappadocia region. BC Lydia-Persia conflicts of interest to the fore in the region between 575-546. Cresus king of Lydia, Persia through the Red River to stop the attacks. The first accounts of the famous mathematician Thales of Miletus yaptığıgörülmektedir this period. In fact, calculations, provided by the division of two branches of the river to pass through the Red River Cresus'un Herodotus on the subject are given. Creus'un this war, the King of Persia 2 Kıras'a defeated the Persians and the state of Lydia and Phrygia prensliklerini eliminating captured Cappadocia. However, in Central Anatolia towards Iran (Persia) and the strength of Greek spreads encountered here.
The first task was to distinguish Anatolia from the Persians in Iran, such as the satraplıklara. Satrapy Cappadocia is one of them. Overview zorlamadıkları migration in the light of the people of the Persians, the local culture blended with the culture of Persia is said that the Persian element is not fused with the indigenous culture. Put before the Persians from Iran, but also control the delegation by the army of Persia and Anatolia, Persia and settled Medya'lı raids came just before the officers and employees.
Its foreign domination saw the people of Anatolia ısınamamış Persia, has on occasion rebellion. Cappadocia has the greatest resistance against the Persians. Satrapy Cappadocia, central and trade route on the route of the army, although the local guys for a long time in the region continued to survive against the domination of Persia. Local Beyler'in their struggle for independence against the Persians, Persia by Alexander the Macedonian Empire, paved the way for elimination.
However, it is very easy to end the domination of Persia ermemiştir Cappadocia. The ruler of the Persians failed to suppress a local rebellion gentlemen, Carian Datam'dan received assistance, this assistance has been invited to the palace in exchange for libel after being declared the independence of Cappadocia to escape. Datam'ın population increased after the death of the Persians in Cappadocia. During the campaigns of Alexander the Great is an important part of the Persian as satraplıkların.
Sculpture of the Persians on Heradot God, worship, the altar as they do not know what to do, the victims of the beginning of the mountain, and Zeus kestikleri worshiped as the divine firmament, the sun, moon, earth, fire, water and wind, dedicated to the victim described. The time of the Persians, in Cappadocia, the evidence shows Iran widespread rituals of MS IV. the existence of temples dedicated to the God of Fire century.
Also, on the one hand and money in the economy of coastal trade, but the interior is a black trade off arising from the dominant economic limitations, on the other hand the land to give the army chiefs of these sections as a result of the slave state of peasants engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry to reduce grand sefahatlerinin and Roman peasants, Greeks and Persians to become sold esircilere lost the power of the State.
Macedonian King Alexander the Great, 334 and 331 BC the great empire of Persia defeated the armies repeatedly disproved. East Flights from Cappadocia during the passing of Alexander's commander Cabictas leaving as manager in Cappadocia region has been the sovereignty of Macedonia. But the Macedonians, the Greek colonies in western Anatolia Cappadocia as well as enthusiastically received. Alexander, commander of the region Sabiktas'ı görevlendirince to take control of the people opposed to it and the ancient Persia soylularından Ariarates, with the support of the people 332'de central Mazaka (Kayseri), which established the kingdom of Kapodakya. The first is a hardworking manager Extended up to the limits of the Kingdom of Cappadocia Ariarates Yesilirmak basin. The Kingdom of Cappadocia lived in peace until the death of Alexander Young. Perdikkas claimed his authority after the death of Alexander, an independent kingdom that flourished in the middle of the existence of the Macedonian Empire yummamıştır eye. Uğratılmasından defeated Eumenes and then transferred to the commanders in the management Macedonian Ariarates'in. Very soon I Ariaraets'in nephew II. Ariarates, Makedonyalılar'ı region has returned to Cappadocia. But the kingdom was established for the second time, has lost a significant portion of the territory. Pontus in the north again, a Persian nobleman Ktistes the State, in the south of the commanders of Alexander, Seleucus established an independent kingdom. At the same time, BC Galatian communities from the West has witnessed the invasion of Cappadocia in 280. Galatians settled in the Red River into the spring, Cappadocia became a border with its neighbor. Galatians often had to fight the Kingdom of Cappadocia, Anatolia, as far as the Roman Empire tried to stop progress. Located next to The Kingdom of Bergama, V. Ariarates'in's death started to enter the Greek culture in Cappadocia. Thoroughly shaken the throne of the Kingdom of Pontus, Cappadocia entrikalanyla, was completely destroyed at the end of the descendants of the king. Then, the territory of the Kingdom of Cappadocia, to share with the Kingdom of Pontus began a struggle between the Roman Empire. Cappadocian throne changed hands several times during this period.
Roman and Byzantine Periods
Continuous power changes, as well as those who invaded the region at a time, and pressure to make products with the overwhelmed plundered the people of Cappadocia, the center of the Republican administration after the fall of the Roman empire, came under increasingly heavy pressure of Rome, the kings of Roman rule in the region have become a satellite. Cappadocia, connected to Rome by AD 17 the Roman King Tiberius, a year later was declared a provincial governor (legat) is assigned. Samsun Province in the north borders of Cappadocia, Klikya'ya south, west, Salt Lake, extended to the shores of the Euphrates in the east.
AD 18, as we face the very wealthy and developed city of Avanos, the region is one of the most important political and religious centers. The third man in the hierarchy of priest serving the Kingdom of Avanos Avanos us Euphrates writings indicate the presence of very strong and powerful aristocracy. Since ancient times the most important city of Cappadocia, Kayseri, Cappadocia is also the center of the Roman period. Tiberus by Emperor Caesar (Kayseri), known around the city, in later years against attacks from Iran Sasanian walls and surrounded by Gordianus. The attacks continued in the East to the Roman period. Both these attacks as well as migration through the territory conquered by the Romans to settle in this land to come and fight legions of military units have called.
On the other hand began to spread in Anatolia, the Roman period, moving is a time for Christians. As is known, the early years of Christianity in idolatrous Roman Empire under heavy pressure in the past, which led Christians to flee areas of large cities in the hidden reefs. The first Christian settlements in the region, St. Paul begins with a missionary discovered during a trip here. Christians in the region began to be seen as a common term, III. centuries. Pressure applied by the Christians and the Roman King Diokletien'in proceedings, the successor I. Adoption of Christianity by Constantine in relief to start the transfer of this religious excitement, in fact, but also many natural cult senkretizm period for a religious belief in the natural counted. After this date, Romans, Byzantines, and his successors are not in the effort to assimilate their culture is understood that the people of Cappadocia.
Romans, after capturing their first job in Central and Eastern Anatolia and the Aegean Sea region through a road that connects between the two major centers has been to provide access. Military and commercial aspects of great importance in the construction of this road, passing from Cappadocia. Thus, the inner parts of Anatolia, the sea link is provided. However, an economic crisis as a result of maritime trade, the soil has not supported products. Antonin economic crisis that erupted in the time of King Emperor in 284 and continued until the output of Diokletien'in board. During this period, the Empire, namely the concept of centralized component, the location of the forces that tend to break the center began to drop. Therefore, excessive narrowing of the volume of money, large landowners mansion bears the result of closures, the same slave-labor force decreased over time (the spread of slaves brought to pack up the wars of extinction, the provision of new financial impossibility) itmiş to give them a new order in the territory, divided into two territories. The first soil type, the master is hası (indominicatum) housing (villas), a large part of the arable land in the soil type. Other soil type, called the free peasants (colony) from "double" (manses), which is divided into two parts. Colony (peasants) and their time to provide products of one-tenth as much land to the owner of a large portion of agricultural production relations kılınmıştır.15 liable harcamakla senyörün soil conditions change, the life even more difficult. Column continuous, lineage coming, but a non-voluntary farmers. Adherence to the ground for him both a right and obligation. So much so can not leave the land, attempts to escape shall be punished heavily.
Apostata time of the Emperor Julian (361-262), a respected scholar and cleric, Archbishop of Kayseri, has spent much effort to raise the living standards of poor people. However, management of the center of Rome, this civilized man of religion, fear of its impact on society, including the northern and southern Cappadocia has dedicated two administrative regions.
395'te Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire divided to two parts of Cappadocia (Byzantine) remained under the domination. Cappadocia, Anatolia, has been one of the two episcopal center during the Byzantine period. Also known as the hometown of the three great saint. These are the Archbishop of Kayseri Great Basil, his brother Gregory and Naziruslu Gregory Nissalı. St. Basil is the founder of the rock churches and monasteries.
Region has experienced a period of calm during the first years of Byzantium. Given the Caucasus, along the borders of the empire, Cappadocia and the surrounding area geographically central state. Hellenic-Roman ideas rather than people of the region during this period was under the influence of Iran. East, a strong Arab and Sassanid invasion began, the Emperor Heraclius provinces of Anatolia, has devoted an important part of the military. Cappadocia is one of these states. Empire East regions remain under occupation, True Cross from Jerusalem was kidnapped and taken to Jerusalem by taking back, the wars continue uninterrupted during this turmoil and cream Derinkuyu people living in the flat plains of the underground cities, rock churches while living in mountainous areas and took refuge in the cells .
Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Arab raids on the one hand trying to cope, on the other hand from the time of Focas II. Basil reached its peak during the expansion policy, at first glance, full of victories, but has not resulted in a long-term devastation brought a series of wars, feudalism azdırmıştır. To allocate land to those who serve in the military, military aristocratic landowning group emerged after a period of time, the churches grew and feudal power. After the death of the Emperor Basileos'un age, while the large estates of soldiers and peasant origin, a small property quickly began to crumble. Taxes, pictures, chores, until all the burdens contained in the ground under the weight of commitment shown by the oppressed peasants dependent on a single response, many times without even knowing where that consists of escaping.
In addition, the long-running sectarian conflict in the Byzantine period, thoroughly increased, the Emperor III. Leon's icons has banned the period of Iconoclasm (726-843). First, the Christians engaged in printing the image of Sasanian and religious elders, because of attacks by Arabs against the icon of the pro-monks, Goreme, Urgup and Avanos around the rocky, sheltered in secluded areas. Icon monasteries and churches carved into the stone hammer found a trend in Byzantium power has increased the number of refuge. This period ends with the dropping of Empress Thedore'un free icons again.
IX-XI. Goreme is an important monastic settlement between the centuries and has been the scene Zelve. Christian centers in the Kingdom of Pontus, Cappadocia is in the hands of this period has shifted to the north.
Land ownership change and the social crisis created by war, poverty, hunger and epidemic diseases brought. This period also, the priests of the Byzantine emperors and the property is a period of power struggles kızıştığı. The reason of this struggle, the priests of the monastery to collect donations as a result of shrinkage of the emperor's treasure, army soldiers and ikmalsiz ownership restrictions remain and the path goes to the monastery. Despite this struggle, the church reached a major economic power-the poor feudal Byzantine villagers halkındaki sharpening the dilemma of internal fights erupt in the future will prepare the ground. Cappadocia seeking asylum in the religious life in this difficult strengthened the Byzantine churches and Seljuk conquests of human agglomerations started until after the doors opened. All these developments prepared the ground for the Byzantine Empire in Central and Eastern Anatolia can easily lose. In the following years fighting the Byzantine Empire throne increased mastery of the Turkish forces.
Oghuz Turks, however, was not so easy to cope with regular Byzantine army. First, the defeat in 1064 in Kayseri and Nevsehir in the direction of ilerledilerse stop by, have had to retreat. After this date, commander of Alparslan defeated the Byzantines uğratıp Afsin Bey seized the region, but this did not last long. Opened the doors of Anatolia to the Turks by 1071 Malazgirt War.
Cappadocia Turkish Period
Cappadocia Turkish period, the Seljuk and Byzantine domination of the region begins. The effects of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia and the National Struggle and served with the Republican era.
Seljuks, Anatolian Principalities
1071 at girmelerinin Turks in Anatolia after Alexander 1072'de Long established in many regions, together with the local Greek Cypriot villages in the Turkish settlements began to emerge. Cappadocia 330 years ago in a period of Seljuk rule (1086-1175) was the management of Danişmendliler'in. Cappadocia during the Crusades and the Seljuks Danişmendliler'in act together has undergone major damage.
Head of the Great Seljuk Empire throne after the death of Sultan Melikşah showed fights. 1157'de Sultan Sencer's death spread over the Great Seljuk Empire, princes declared their independence from their regions. However, after the fall of the Great Seljuk State branch of the longest standing, XIV. century and continued until the Anatolian Seljuk State was.
The death of Malik Ghazi 1143'te Danişmendliler'de throne started fights and II. After the conquest of Cappadocia and the surrounding area by Kılıçarslan 1175'de came under the sovereignty of the Seljuks. Kösedağ war Mongols defeated the Seljuks in 1243, with the Mongol domination of the region as a base used by the Mongols and the region began.
Segments, especially near Nevsehir in Cappadocia, the Anatolian Seljuk period, as a bridge between East and West saw the commercial and cultural. In this region, Tea Han, Han Horozlu, Zazadin Khan, Sultan Khan, Ağzıkara Khan, Tepesidelik Han Han and Sarıhan Regiment as a trade route over ranked caravanserais menzillik away. This trade route, Aegean, Central Asia, China, and Mesopotamia was a way.
I. Aladdin Keykubat living with the most brilliant period of the Anatolian Seljuk throne after this period are scattered because of fights and soil losses. In the caves of Cappadocia, were used as places of refuge sultans disputes.
Disappearance of the Anatolian Seljuk State and then, in Cappadocia, respectively, the dominant state and principalities; Ilkhanate, Eratna Principality, Karaman and the Ottoman Empire. Counting in 1318 with the province of Cappadocia in Central and Eastern Anatolia Ilkhanid Governor of the State of Ilkhanid Timurtaş management are given. 1327'de was killed when he declared independence against Timurtas 1322'de İlhanlılar'a. After this, the commanders in the region Eratna Ilkhanate Bey management started. Eratna independent principality until 1340'tan 1365'e (İlhanlılar'dan independent) was the ruler of the region.
Eratna Bey's death, the managers of his principality pass per child ages, Karamanoğuliarı'nın worked for his work, in the Cappadocia region, where the land was seized in 1365 by Karamanoğlu Alaeddin Bey.
1381'de II Eratna descendants. Vizier Mehmed Bey leaving eliminate stereotypical administration seized Qazi Ahmad Burhanuddin, the region came under its sovereignty. From the local area is not known exactly when Burhaneddin Kadi. Kadi Land Yülük Akkoyunlu Burhaneddin 1398 on the killing by Osman Bey, the local area conquered Karaman. Ottoman ruler I. Beyazit, the same year, Karaman and Cappadocia region to put an end to the Ottoman Empire has added Principality. But I. Beyazit Mongol ruler Timur defeated 1402 Battle of Ankara, Timur, the territory of the Ottomans in Anatolia Principalities period dağıtmasıyla revived. Cappadocia region during this period was again the management of the principality of Karaman. Karaman and long-lasting wars between the Ottomans, at first the Ottomans and later, in 1466 Karamanoğuliarı'nın the defeat of the Ottoman Empire again participated in the Cappadocia region.
Ottoman Empire Period
Cappadocia, the Ottoman administration in the early years lived in peace and quiet. In this case, when the throne of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent, built a new land to increase treasury revenues continued until tahririne. City printers, and amount of product than some of the measures of land showing the amount of tax taken from the hands of land owners, and this gives strength artırınca some of the people has led to unrest among the troops. In addition, Iran started in 1582 overturned the order of grooming services, gives strength has led to the revolt of their respective owners. Known as the riots and their families and land owners Celali gives strength to leave to go to war reddetmeleriyle flaming was effective in the rebellions in Cappadocia.
XVII of the first years of the Ottoman period. The most important has been the center of Urgup in Cappadocia century. 6 quarters of 1530 and 213 Muslim Readings of Urgup, and 35 other religious and ethnic tebadan says that a town has a total of 248 households. XVII. century, Nevşehir, Nissa formerly known as The Village Muskara. This is the town of Urgup, Nigde of a village with 18 households.
Muşkara'nın (Nevsehir), housing status XVI. XVIII century. not show much change is observed in a century. However, Ottoman Grand Vizier Damat Ibrahim Pasha, being in the region has experienced a revival and renewal. Tulip Era of Damat Ibrahim Pasha, grand viziers, Muşkara'da worthy innovations implemented in this period. For example, equips Muşkara'yı architectural structures, zoning, and the settlements into an accident after you have completed and connected to the Sandjak Nigde Nevsehir changed its name.
Today is the founder of Gülşehir'in Karavezir Image Mehmet Pasa known nickname. The old name Arapsun Gülşehir, 1584'te Uchisar township is a village of 30 households. People are all Muslim. Image Mehmet Pasha, where a mosque and a madrasa built, provided the town's population increases, and then changed to Gülşehir Arapsun name.
Ottoman Empire in 1840 due to official records show that Muhassıllığı'na Nigde Nevsehir and Urgup. Depending on the province of Konya, Nevsehir 1847'deki livalardan has become one of the administrative configuration with. Nigde moved to the center of flag is that the records of 1849.
Nizamnamesi'ne province of Konya Province in 1867 converted to Nevsehir Nigde Livası accident linked to the Sandjak. During this period sanjak Nigde Nevsehir, Urgup, Aksaray, Kırşehir and Yahyalı to have five accidents. In short, the administrative hierarchy is as follows: Konya Province, the ensign of Nigde, Nevsehir and Urgup accidents and their villages. Administrative status of Nevsehir, 1867 has not changed until 1918. However, in 1896 Arapsun (Gülşehir) was converted into an accident due to the Sandjak Nigde. Avanos, in this century due to an accident in Ankara province Kırşehir Sandjak, Hacibektas banner that is connected to a township in the same province and state.
The National Struggle and the Republican Era
Armistice in the Cappadocia region is determined by the National Struggle for sharing outside of that scene has not been a significant event. However Dellaczade Haci Osman Effendi has attended as a delegate of the Sivas Congress, Nevsehir, his country has set up branch in Anatolia and Rumelia Defence of Rights Society and has the participation of the national struggle.
Another event in 1919, Mustafa Kemal Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli dervish sheikh and çelebisi Tekkesi'ne come and see with. The meeting then decided to support the struggle in Anatolia and that all the Bektashi dervish lodges lodges national headquarters worked like. Developed and grew after the Republic, is a district of Nevsehir Nigde province granted the status in 1954.
Improved trade relations between Mesopotamian Asurlarla Although the Hittites, Assyrians have no effect on the tongue. This is us, not interfere each other, indicates that the Hittites of Assyria.
